Artificial keys to the genera of blue-green, red, brown, and green marine benthic algae of Micronesia are given, including virtually all the genera reported from Palau, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas, Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands. Twenty-two new species or genera are reported here for Guam and 7 for Yap; 11 of these are also new for Micronesia. Note is made of several recent published records for Guam and 2 species recently raised from varietal status. Finally, a list is given of nomenclatural changes that affect the 2003 revised checklist. An interactive version of the keys is included in the algal biodiversity website at. Unicellular and non-linear colonial genera.3.
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Colonies spherical, square, or irregularly shaped 4.3. Colonies with polarized growth (distinct origin or basal end versus apical end, or extending as pseudofilaments) 9.4.
Cells elongate, isopolar (oval) or heteropolar 5.4. Cells spherical or hemispherical 6.5.
Cells isopolar, irregularly arranged in colony Aphanothece.5. Cells heteropolar, radially arranged in colony Gomphosphaeria.6. Daughter cells within concentric layers of mucilage 7.6. All cells in common mucilage 8.7. Multiple fission giving isolated packets of cells within layered sheath Chroococcus.7. Binary fission giving irregular colonies of cells surrounded by concentrically layered mucilage sheath Gloeocapsa.8. Cells irregularly arranged in mucilaginous colonies Microcystis.8.
Cells arranged in perpendicular rows in flat ± square colonies Merismopedia.9. Cells in adjacent serial rows Entophysalis.9. Cells in single row (pseudofilamentous) 10.10.
Prostrate colonies forming short ± branched chains, reproduction by nanocytes (endospores) Pleurocapsa.10. Erect unbranched pseudofilaments, no nanocytes Johannesbaptistia. Without heterocytes.12. Trichomes spirally twisted, lacking a sheath, often motile 13.12. Trichomes straight, with or without sheath, motile or nonmotile 14.13.
Trichomes with visible cross walls Arthrospira.13. Trichomes with invisible cross walls, appearing to be single long, spiral cells Spirulina.14. Cells distinctly wider than long; fragmentation via necridia dead cells; motile or not; cells beginning new division before reaching size of parent (appears as multiple ingrowths of cross wall in growing regions near apex); 15.14. Cells approx. Isodiametric (nearly square in profile) or longer than wide; trichomes motile; with or without necridia; divided cells grow to size of parent before dividing again 19.
Cells wider than long.15. Filaments made of multiple trichomes in common, often thick sheath that is conically closed at the apex; growth diffuse; trichomes nonmotile Schizothrix.15. Single trichome in sheath, or if several then apex of sheath open; growth in meristematic zones (usually near apex); trichomes often motile 16 (Oscillatoriaceae).16. Sheath absent 17.16.
Sheath present 18.17. Free-living trichomes, often exhibiting movement Oscillatoria.17. Short, non-motile trichomes, symbiont in sponges Hormoscilla.18. One trichome per sheath Lyngbya.18.
Several trichomes per sheath, sheath is open at the end Blennothrix. Cells longer than wide.19. Without sheaths, or with a fine, thin sheath; trichomes breaking into fragments without necridia; 20 (Pseudanabaenaceae).19.
Firm sheaths usually present Microcoleus sheath fine and diffluent; Phormidium can lack sheath; trichomes breaking into fragments via necridia; 21 (Phormidiaceae).20. Filaments epiphytic, attached to the substratum along their length, but having both ends free Leibleinia.20. Very narrow trichomes (0.5–3 μm wide), sometimes with fine but distinct sheath Leptolyngbya.21. Sheath (if present) containing only one trichome 22.21. Sheath present with more than one trichome 24.22.
Sheath lamellated, often colored Porphyrosiphon.22. Sheath not lamellated 23.23. Thallus organized as erect bundles of trichomes Symploca.23. Trichomes separate (not bundled); facultative sheaths Phormidium.24. Sheath lamellated Hydrocoleum.24. Sheath not lamellated 25.25.
Sheath fine and diffluent (with an indistinct margin) Microcoleus.25. Sheath firm and limited Sirocoleum. With heterocytes.26.
Trichomes unbranched, heterocysts intercalary Hormothamnium.26. Trichomes with true or false branching; or if apparently unbranched, the heterocytes basal 27.27.
Trichomes with false branches, or appearing unbranched 28 (Nostocales).27. Trichomes with true branching 33 (Stigonematales).28.
False branching arising from a heterocyte (thus always a heterocyte at the base of a branch) 29.28. False branching arising from necridic cell, usually a pair of branches, without a heterocyte at the junction; trichomes often also forming loops 32 (Scytonemataceae).29.
Branching common, intercalary heterocytes also common, filaments isopolar Tolypothrix.29. Branching uncommon or not apparent; filaments heteropolar, the base with a heterocyte, the apex tapering to a long hyaline hair 30 (Rivulariaceae).30.
Solitary trichomes or groups, one trichome in a sheath Calothrix.30. Filaments organized into colonies 31.31. Branches within same sheath; colonies hemispherical, a common mucilage surrounding the sheathed trichomes Rivularia.31. Branches in separate sheath; colonies fasciculate (branches not in a common mucilage) Dichothrix.32. Filaments endolithic Kyrtuthrix.32. Filaments free Scytonema.33.
Heterocytes terminal or lateral, thallus boring into rock and shells Mastigocoleus.33. Heterocytes intercalary, thallus free 34.34. Main axes, often multiseriate, distinct from branches; branches arising at right angles to main axes (“T” branching) Fischerella.34. Main axes indistinguishable from branches, all uniseriate; “Y” branching Brachytrichia.
Stony or stiff.3. Parasitic (minute endophytic filaments) Choreonema.3. Free living, not parasitic 4.4. Thallus crustose or forming flat plates or massive lumpy thalli 5.4.
Thallus not crustose: branches erect or creeping but attached only at base 16.5. Tetrasporangia borne in nemathecial sori 6.5.
Tetrasporangia borne in enclosed conceptacles crustose corallines 7.6. Thallus made up of anastomosing fan-shaped sections Cruoriella.6.
Thallus lobes not divided into sections Peyssonnelia (in part).7. Sporangium borne in an individual conceptacle, conceptacles in rows in the perithallium Sporolithon.7.
Many sporangia in each conceptacle, conceptacles scattered throughout the perithallium 8.8. Thin adherent crusts or thin, fragile plates 9.8. Massive crusts, plates or knobs 10.9. Adherent crusts, often epiphytic on green algae (esp. Ventricaria, Caulerpa) (chalky surface, to 3 mm thick – contrast Titanoderma. Calcified, soft.28. Thallus flabellate fan-shaped or irregular blades, often calcified throughout Titanophora.28.
Thallus cylindrical to ligulate strap- or ribbon-shaped 29.29. Thallus calcified very lightly only at the base Dermonema.29. Thallus lightly to heavily calcified throughout except at young tips 30.30. Carpogonial branches borne on specialized (initially short) cortical filaments, surface seems mealy/powdery (farinose) Ganonema.30. Carpogonial branches borne on regular cortical filaments 31.31.
Sterile (or involucral) filaments intermingling with gonimoblast filaments; lacking a stalk cell (large, elongate fusion cell subtending the gonimoblast) Liagora.31. Sterile (or involucral) filaments subtending gonimoblast, forming a separate cluster; stalk cell present Izziella. Not calcified.32. Thallus crustose forming more or less adherent crusts or plates 33.32. Thallus not crustose: erect and/or creeping 34.33.
Tetrasporangia in sunken conceptacles Hildenbrandia.33. Tetrasporangia in nemathecial sori Peyssonnelia (in part) P. Is calcified in the hypobasal region, but this may not be apparent in an adherent specimen.34.
Thallus with axes consisting of more than a single row of cells: corticated, polysiphonous or fleshy 35.34. Thallus with axes consisting of a single row of cells ± branches 36.35. Thalli filamentous in overall appearance, but consisting of more than a single row of cells; axes corticated &/or polysiphonous 60.35. Thalli more massively corticated, fleshy, or otherwise 83. A, b, Schizoseris bombayensis, plant (veins weakly visible on left) and detail of cells; c, d, Nitophyllum adhaerens, plant and detail of cells; e, Chroodactylon ornatum, portion of a branch; f, Entocladia viridis, endophytic in Lyngbya; g, unknown green epiphyte (on Anadyomene); h, Erythrotrichia carnea cells and sporangium. Scale bars: a = 5 mm; c = 2 mm; all others = 20 μm; scales for b=d, e=h=g.36.
Filaments branched 37.37. Minute epiphytes; pseudofilamentous, the cells separated from one another within a gelatinous matrix 38.37. Micro- or macroscopic true filaments, cells joined by common wall 39.38.
Plastids blue-green, prominent central pyrenoid; cells isodiametric or longer than broad Chroodactylon.38. Plastids red, stellate; cells shorter than broad Stylonema.39. Cells of subultimate segments less than 100 μm in diameter 40.39. Very large cells: cells of subultimate segments over 160 μm in diameter 42.40.
Microscopic epiphytes with very narrow axes: cells of main axes less than 20 μm in diameter 41.40. Cells of main axes 50–100 μm in diameter 44.41. Chromatophores stellate Kylinia.41. Chromatophores parietal Acrochaetium.42.
Fourth-fifth cells behind apical cell 350 μm in diameter Griffithsia.43. Tetrasporangia borne singly on pedicel Anotrichum.43. Tetrasporangia borne 2–4 on a pedicel Ossiella.44. Mat-like plants with fused laterals forming spongy network Haloplegma.44. Plants with branches free, not forming a mat 45.45. Gland cells (small clear cells) present 46.45. Gland cells absent 49.46.
Gland cells spherical, often containing crystals, and on axis against the abaxial (proximal) side of branches; loose cortication of cells of the prostrate axes Balliella.46. Gland cells hemispherical and on the adaxial (distal) side of branches or subspherical and at the tips of lateral axes 47.47. Gland cells subspherical and at the tips of lateral axes Acrothamnion.47. Gland cells hemispherical and on the adaxial (distal) side of branches 48.48.
Gland cells covering or in contact with only one vegetative cell Antithamnionella.48. Gland cells bridging 2 vegetative cells Antithamnion.49. Main axes with whorled branchlets 50.49. Main axes filamentous, alternate or irregularly branched 51.50. Gelatinous thallus, branches embedded in mucilage; branches arise near middle of cells Acrosymphyton.50. Thallus small, not gelatinous; branches arise at apex of cells Crouania.
(facing page): a, Dasya roslinae; b, Phaeophila; c, Wrangelia argus; d, Predaea cf. Tumescens; e, Gibsmithia dotyi; f-g, Crouania minutissima. Scale bars: a = 1 mm; b, c, g = 100 μm; d, e = 10 mm; f 1 mm.51.
Plants producing large, asexual multinucleate propagules Monosporus.51. Asexual propagules absent 52.52. Carposporophyte single, unilateral 53.52. Carposporophytes ‘twinned’, bilateral on main axis 57.53. Carposporophyte lacking inner involucral filaments 54.53. Carposporophyte with erect inner involucral filaments forming a pericarp 56.54.
Carposporophyte with 2-4 free outer involucral filaments 55.54. Carposporophyte lacking outer involucral filaments 58.55.
Cystocarps on morphologically differentiated fertile axes. Cystocarps on non-differentiated fertile axes 59.56. Erect axes mostly unbranched, 18-26 μm in diameter Lejolisea.56. Erect axes distichously branched, 45-75 μm in diameter Diplothamnion.57. Cells uninucleate, gonimoblast angular or lobed Aglaothamnion.57.
Cells multinucleate, gonimoblast spherical Callithamnion.58. Carposoprophyte developed from 2 auxiliary cells per procarp; T-shaped fusion cell prominent Tiffaniella.58. Carposporophyte from single auxiliary cell; fusion cell absent Gymnothamnion.59.
Carposporophyte developed from a single auxiliary cell; hypogenous cell twice to four times as long as subapical cell, fusion cell slight to absent Ptilothamnion.59. Carposporophyte developed from two auxiliary cells; hypogenous cell once to twice as long as subapical cell, fusion cell prominent Spermothamnion. Filamentous: corticated/polysiphonous axes.60.
Main axes monosiphonous with cortication 61.60. Main axes polysiphonous (having an axial cell surrounded by pericentral cells) ± corticated 67.61. Cortication continuous in main axes, discontinuous in lateral branchlets Spyridia.61.
Cortication essentially the same in branches of different orders 62.62. Cortication only at nodes (at least in younger parts) 63.62. Cortication continuous when present in younger parts 64.63. Cortication in bands of cells closely surrounding the nodes Ceramium.63. Cortication arising as loose filaments that grow down from nodes Wrangelia (in part; ).64. All orders of branching similar, all corticated 65.64.
Higher order branches smaller, uncorticated 66.65. Tetrasporangia projecting around distal nodes Centroceras.65. Tetrasporangia embedded in cortication Corallophila.66. Spherical gland cells present at many nodes, only the prostrate axes loosely corticated by filaments arising from the nodes Balliella.66. Gland cells absent Dasyphila.67. Pericentral cells three; containing golden gland cells (gametophyte heavily corticated, fleshy; sporophyte filamentous) Asparagopsis.67.
Pericentral cells 4 or more 68.68. Main axes polysiphonous with monosiphonous laterals (not counting trichoblasts—colorless, often deciduous hairs) 69.68. All branches polysiphonous (± trichoblasts) 76.69. Monosiphonous filaments arising endogenously from axial cells Cottoniella.69. Monosiphonous filaments arising exogenously appearing outside the pericentral cells 70.70. Laterals consistently monosiphonous throughout 71.70. Some laterals monosiphonous at least at the tip, others polysiphonous;strongly dorso-ventrally flattened plants of caves and mangroves Bostrychia.71.
Branchlets on every segment, ± radially arranged 72.71. Branchlets on every other segment 74.72. Stalks of tetrasporangial stichidia polysiphonous at base; uncorticated, tetrasporangial stichidia with 4 sporangia per segment Murrayella.72. Stalks of tetrasporangial stichidia monosiphonous 73.73. Axes heavily corticated except at apices; branching strongly radial; tetrasporangial stichidia with 4 sporangia per segment Dasya.73. Older axes (if any) corticated; tetrasporangia in spiral stichidia Lophocladia.74.
Branchlets fusing to form distinctive 4-sided network Dictyurus.74. Branchlets not fusing to form a network 75.75. Branchlets spirally arranged; tetrasporangia spirally arranged Endosiphonia.75. Branchlets free bilaterally arranged (distichous); tetrasporangia in straight rows, not spirally arranged Heterosiphonia.76.
Pericentral cells unequal: lateral two larger than ad/abaxial two; tetrasporangia in flattened stichidia Malaconema.76. Pericentral cells equal, 4 or more 77.77. Polysiphonous branches arising endogenously Dawsoniella.77.
Polysiphonous branches arising exogenously 78.78. Branchlets complanate (flat), with midrib 79.78.
All branchlets terete 81.79. Dorsiventral; second-order branches flattened as wings, resembling a leafy liverwort Leveillea.79. Prostrate and erect axes, erect axes narrowly complanate 80.80. Mature erect branches ending in 2-3 hairs Taenioma.80. Mature erect branches ending in complex trichoblast Abbottella.81. Plants with short, spinose laterals Tolypiocladia.81.
Plants with all branches similar (may have prostrate and erect branches) 82.82. Axes with extensive prostrate axes Herposiphonia.82. Axes primarily erect Polysiphonia/Neosiphonia/Lophosiphonia see for separation of Neosiphonia from Polysiphonia. Thallus consisting of a cylindrical axis bearing membranous blades 85.84. Thallus flat/membranous throughout 86.85. Prostrate axes bearing leaflike wings, resembling leafy liverwort Leveillea.85.
Prostrate axes bearing narrow, complanate erect axes Abbottella/Taenioma (see 80).86. Thallus prostrate, blades with distichous veins Symphyocladia.86. Thallus erect 87.87. Straplike blades, often in rosettes, with inrolled apices Amansia.87. Blades otherwise 88.88. Distinct apical cell present 89.88. No distinct apical cell: growth via marginal meristem 93.89.
Fronds a coarse network thoughout 90.89. Fronds not net-like – blades without perforations 91.90. Branches only from ventral (adaxial) surface, small sori Vanvoorstia.90. Branches only from dorsal (abaxial) surface, extensive sori Claudea.91. Branching subdichotomous Caloglossa.91.
Branches arising from the midrib 92.92. Small, largely prostrate plants, blades not fusing Hypoglossum.92.
Robust erect plants, branches often fusing with adaxial surface of adjacent lower-order branch Zellera.93. Thallus forming a latticework at margin, sometimes converting much of the blade Martensia.93. Thallus membranous, without lattice or network 94.94. Blade with macroscopic veins; cells to 30 μm long, with 1-2 ribbonlike plastids Schizoseris.94. Blade without veins; cells to 80 μm long, containing numerous discoid plastids Nitophyllum.
Thick gelatinous/gooey thalli constructed of very loose uncorticated branches (see also soft calcified thalli, 28) 96.95. Thalli otherwise 100.96. Thalli much larger than 10 cm high, multiaxial, resembling very gooey Halymenia durvillei Schmitzia.96. Thalli less than 10 cm high 97.97. Thallus highly branched, uniaxial, a single central filament with whorls of branches arising from near the center of axial cells Acrosymphyton.97. Thallus lobed, multiaxial, medulla filamentous or pseudoparen- chymatous, giving rise to cortex of loosely aggregated, dichotomously branched, small-celled filaments 98.98. Plants with perennial stipe bearing lobed or paddle-shaped clusters; cortical filaments with long branches consisting of elongate cylindrical cells; auxiliary cells terminal or intercalary in special lateral branches Gibsmithia.98.
Plants lacking stipes, lobed; cortical filaments with short, candelabra-like branches consisting of short, sometimes (ob)pyriform cells 99.99. Medulla pseudoparenchymatous; thallus creeping, attached by pegike haptera; branching distichous to irregularly pinnate, axes less than 20 mm long and 500 μm in diameter Gloiocladia.99. Medulla filamentous; thallus erect from single basal holdfast, blade-like to broadly lobed; axes more than 40 mm long and 2 mm wide Predaea.100. Thallus hollow 101.100. Thallus not hollow 107.
Fleshy, hollow.101. Thallus divided by transverse diaphragms Champia.101. Thallus without diaphragms 102.102. Thallus consisting of a short, solid stipe bearing one or more hollow vesicles Botryocladia.102. Thallus cylindrical, blade-like, or cushions 103.103. Thallus parts long and slender compared to diameter 104.103. Thallus broad, lobed blades or cushions 105.104.
Tetrasporangia borne in swollen, terminal stichidia Coelothrix.104. Tetrasporangia borne in sunken cavities in the branches Lomentaria.105. Thick, cartilaginous blades, branched but not a series of lobes Chrysymenia.105.
Thinner frond consisting of series of rounded lobes 106.106. Plant adhering to substratum; often fusing to adjacent blades; tetrasporangia scattered Erythrocolon.106. Blades not fusing to adjacent blades; tetrasporangia clustered in patches (nemathecia) Chamaebotrys.
Fleshy, solid blades.107. Thallus a broad or narrowly flat blade 108.107. Thallus ± cylindrical, terete or if flattened not blade-like 114.108. In cross section: medulla filamentous 109.108. Medulla full of rounded cells 111.109. Medullary filaments few, some anticlinal (crossing blade from cortex to cortex); cortex 2-3 cells thick Halymenia.109.
Medullary filaments all parallel to axis of blade 110.110. Cortex 2-3 cells thick Cryptonemia.110. Cortex 8-9 cells thick Grateloupia.111. Blade peltate (stipe attached to the center of the blade) 112.111.
Stipes attached to base of blade 113.112. Blades not fusing with one another; blades typically becoming star-shaped but specimens seen in Guam more or less round to funnel-shaped; tetrasporangia scattered in unmodified cortex Asteromenia.112. Blades foliose, fusing at margins with adjacent blades, multiple attachment to substratum; tetrasporangia clustered in nemathecia Halichrysis.113. Blades divided more or less dichotomously Rhodymenia.113. Blades irregularly divided, anastomosing Leptofauchea. Fleshy, solid, terete to compressed.114. Branching in one plane, axes flattened, forming flat, highly dissected fronds, apices of branches curling toward ventral surface Portieria.114.
Branching three dimensional 115.115. Thallus evidently uniaxial, a single apical cell distinguishable at least in young, growing parts, and visible in cross sections 116.115. Thallus multiaxial or obscurely uniaxial: no central axial filament evident in cross section 123.116.
Rhizines (thin, hyphal filaments) among medullary cells; axial cell hard to see 117.116. Lacking rhizines; axial cell evident in cross sections 118.117.
Attachment haptera irregularly arranged; axes not repent or secondarily attached; developing gonimoblasts with moniliform chains of nutritive filaments Gelidium.117. Attachment haptera regularly arranged; axes often repent and secondarily attached; developing gonimoblasts with nutritive filaments forming a nearly solid cylinder Pterocladiella.118. Soft, pale rose plants with horizontal rhizomes and erect plumose fronds; three pericentral cells evident in uncorticated branches Asparagopsis.118. Stiff, dark red to yellowish brown plants 119.119. Fleshy plants 120.119. Tough, wiry plants, similar to Gelidium, but lacking rhizines Gelidiella/Parviphycus see for separation of Parviphycus species from Gelidiella.120.
Axes with numerous short spines or spinose branches Acanthophora.120. Ultimate branches longer if spinose, or rounded 121.121. Ends of branches often hooklike or pointed; axial cell without pericentral cells 122.121. Ends of branches not hooklike; axial cell surrounded by 5 large pericentral cells; spermatangia in flat plates Chondria.122. Axes less than 100 μm in diameter, cortical cells not uniformly aligned; 2 cortical filaments per axial cell in cross section Caulacanthus.122. Axes more than 200 μm in diameter, cortical cells uniformly aligned; 6-8 cortical filaments per axial cell in cross section Hypnea.123.
Growing with and resembling a sponge Ceratodictyon.123. Not as above 124.124. Very coarse alga with stout, warty branches Kappaphycus.124.
Not as above 125.125. Plants wiry, axes narrow 126.125. Plants fleshy 127.126. Branching subdichotomous, tetrasporangia cruciately divided Gelidiopsis.126.
Branching irregular, tetrasporangia zonately divided Wurdemannia.127. Main axes erect with short, rounded branches Laurencia/Chondrophycus see for separation of Chondrophycus species from Laurencia.127. Main axes indistinct; erect and lax with long tapering branches, or massive stiff mats Gracilaria. Thallus simple unbranched main axis, cylindrical, or with branches radially arranged 3.2. Thallus flat; if branched, branches not radially arranged 7.3. Thallus simple, “wormlike”, white below, often green near apices where assimilatory filaments pass out through the calcification Neomeris.3.
Thallus otherwise 4.4. Simple axis with whorls of filamentous branches alternating with whorls of pod-like branches, heavily calcified Halicoryne.4. Thallus otherwise, lightly calcified 5.5. Branched axes entirely surrounded by whorl branches, like a bottle brush Tydemania (in part).5.
Thallus comprising unbranched stipe with apical whorl or mass of filaments 6.6. Heavily calcified stipe with “cotton candy” mass of uncalcified filaments arising at apex Chamaedoris.6.
Thallus with an apical whorl of assimilatory filaments; distinctive “cap” at maturity Parvocaulis.7. Thallus a flat blade, not segmented 8.7. Thallus consisting of chains of flat or cylindrical segments Halimeda.8. Blade and stipe polystromatic and often corticated Udotea.8.
Blade small, delicate, monostromatic, arising from a monosiphonous stalk 9.9. Single blade arising from undivided stalk Rhipidosiphon.9. Multiple blades arising from branched stalk Tydemania (in part). Not calcified.10.
Embedded within calcareous substrata 11.10. On the surface of substratum, creeping or erect 12.11.
Multicellular: branched filaments of irregular cells Gomontia.11. Siphonous: slender siphons with irregular local swellings Ostreobium.12. Thalli parenchymatous or filamentous/pseudoparenchymatous, multicellular or siphonous, but not vesicular 13.12.
Thalli globular or balloon-like, single or multiple vesicles 14.13. Thalli evidently cellular (regular cross walls); uni- or multinucleate 19.13. Thalli siphonous, without crosswalls 39. Thallus comprising of individual large (5 mm diam.) vesicles or clusters of large vesicles 15.14.
Thallus comprising small vesicles (. Cells solitary or irregularly aggregated Gloeococcus.19. Thallus multicellular 20.20. Thallus flat sheets, or hollow tubes 21.20.
Thallus filamentous, or with filaments forming pseudo-parenchyma 23.21. Thallus tubular, branched or unbranched (if flattened, hollowness seen at margins Ulva (in part).21. Thallus flat, solid sheet (not made of coalesced filaments—see 32) 22.22.
Thallus monostromatic one cell thick Gayralia.22. Thallus distromatic Ulva (in part).23.
Unbranched filaments 24.23. Branched filaments or pseudoparenchymatous 27.24.
Microscopic epiphyte 25.24. Macroscopic: forming visible tufts or turf 26.25. Plastid completely filling the cell Uronema.25.
Plastid an incomplete parietal band Ulothrix.26. Slender filaments with occasional short lateral rhizoids (if lacking rhizoids, filaments generally less than 100 μm diam.) Rhizoclonium.26.
More robust filaments (usually 100 μm diam.) without lateral rhizoids Chaetomorpha.27. Microscopic prostrate epiphytes 28.27. Filaments erect, thalli visible to the naked eye 30.28. Many cells with long colorless hairs; endophytic Phaeophila.28. Cells without hairs; endophytic or epiphytic 29.29. Filaments irregularly branched, prostrate/endophytic Entocladia.29. Filaments branching and coalescing to form a circular pad that can become 1 cell thick in the middle Ulvella.30.
Filaments more than 1 cell broad 31.30. Filaments monosiphonous, free or coalesced to form a pseudo-parenchymatous blade 32.31. Filaments one cell thick but becoming two or more cells wide Percursaria.31. Unbranched filaments appearing two cells wide but actually a tube of 4-6 cell rows Ulva (in part).32.
Filaments branched in one plane, spaces between main axes filled with small branches to form a flat fan-shaped blade Anadyomene.32. Filaments free, or anastomosing fusing together but spaces not filled in 33.33. Filaments anastomosing by minute hapteroid cells (tenacula), or outgrowths of the cell wall (trabeculae) (or apparently just stuck together) 34.33. Filaments generally free 37.34.
Spongy, three-dimensional mass, filaments joined by tenacula Boodlea.34. Flat mesh-like blades, filaments joined by trabeculae or by invisible attachment pad 35.35. Foliose blades (often multiple) without a stipe Microdictyon.35. Blade with a distinct stipe 36.36. Foliose blade with branches arising palmately at each node Rhipidiphyllon.36. Paddle-shaped blade Phyllodictyon.37.
Cells very long, almost appearing siphonous, branches infrequent Spongocladia.37. Cells short (length to several times width), branching frequent 38.38. Most lateral branches with crosswalls; hapteroid cells absent Cladophora.38. Lateral branches never forming crosswalls, but crosswalls present in main axes, just above the lateral; often with rhizoids arising just above the crosswall; hapteroid cells often present as well Cladophoropsis. Thalli composed of individual siphons, generally filamentous in appearance, but with very thick siphons in Caulerpa 40.39. Thalli composed of interwoven siphons, forming pseudo-parenchymatous blades 46.40.
Thallus with horizontal rhizomes giving rise to erect branches and branched rhizoids; siphons supported by trabeculae ingrowths of the cell wall Caulerpa/Caulerpella.40. Thallus without rhizomes, trabeculae absent 41.41. Siphons dichotomously branched 42.41. Siphons with pinnate or secund featherlike branching 45.42. Siphons regularly constricted above the branch points 43.42. Siphons not constricted 44.43. Creeping matted plant of the high intertidal zone Boodleopsis.43.
Erect thalli forming silky tufts in the low intertidal / subtidal Chlorodesmis.44. Tiny thallus, a monosiphonous stipe tightly branching into acapitulum Rhipiliopsis.44. Larger plants, branching less frequent; sporangia globose, lateral 45.45. Attached by calcified basal disc Pedobesia.45. Attached by rhizoidal filaments Derbesia.46. Plants long (to 15–20 cm) and slender, appearing after typhoons, bases of the laterals markedly swollen Trichosolen.46. Plants common, bases of laterals not markedly swollen Bryopsis.47.
Flat blades 48.47. Terete, branched axes or irregular cushions 49.48. Plants usually smaller than 5 cm high, siphons cross-connected by short, fingerlike projections Rhipilia.48. Plants larger, often with multiple blades, some species anchored in sand by bulbous masses or rhizoids; siphons not cross connected Avrainvillea.49. Utricles generally rounded in surface view Codium.49. Utricles hexagonal in surface view Pseudocodium.
Colonial heterokonts (Sarcinochrysidales and Bacillariophyceae).2. Colony filamentous 3.2. Colony globular 4.3. Filaments comprising corrugated tubes containing very long, needle-like diatom cells Nitzschia.3. Filaments with cells packed into them, only evident when colonies are kept at 20C for a day or more, when they round up and separate Chrysonephos.4. Colonies extremely fragile, disintegrating if picked up Chrysocystis.4.
Colonies rubbery or mucilaginous but easily handled 5.5. Colonies rubbery golden, spherical cells distributed throughout matrix Sarcinochrysis.5. Colonies very mucilaginous, mostly colorless with a powdery mustard-yellow surface dust; elongate cells with distinctive apex, on long mucilaginous stalks Chrysophaeum. Filaments multiseriate (more than one row of cells), parenchymatous; pyramidal, globose or Y -shaped vegetative propagules commonly present Sphacelaria.7. Filaments uniseriate (one row of cells) 8.8. Filaments tangled into rope-like tufts, “flowerlike” plastids, appearing to have four lobes with a central pyrenoid Asteronema.8. Filaments not tangled and ropey, appearance fuzzy or silky 9.9.
Plurilocular sporangia commonly present, thallus brown or tan 10.9. Sporangia entirely absent, zoids formed by cells in tube rounding up, thallus yellow-brown Chrysonephos.10. Meristematic zone (dividing cells) distinct, generally at base of long unbranched filament; sporangia mostly stalked Feldmannia.10. Meristematic zone diffuse, rarely at base of short lateral branch; sporangia mostly sessile (not stalked) Hincksia.11.
Thallus of parenchymatous plates partially adherent to substratum or erect flat, terete or globose fronds 12.11. Thallus crustose, uncalcified, pseudoparenchyma of filaments forming basal layer and erect carpet-like layer 13.12. Thallus flat fan-shaped to strap-like blades 14.12. Fronds terete (may be compressed/oval), globular or irregular 20. Flat, erect/prostrate.14.
Thallus calcified, erect broad to elongate fans with inrolled margins Padina.14. Thallus not calcified, margins not inrolled 15.15. Thallus fan-shaped or tapering markedly from apex to base; apical meristem diffused along the leading edge of the blade 16.15. Thallus straplike, branches not tapering markedly; apical meristem a single cell or small cluster of cells 18.16. Medullary cells uniformly rectangular, in stacked tiers 17.16. Medullary cells not uniformly regular or stacked Stypopodium.17. Cross section with a central medullary layer of cells bigger than other medullary and cortical cells; thick largely creeping plant often with ventral surface well anchored to substratum Lobophora Distromium looks like Lobophora but is 2 cells thick; not yet reported.17.
Cross section showing medulla of equal layers Zonaria.18. Blades with distinct midrib Dictyopteris.18. Blades without distinct midrib 19.19. Growth from one apical cell per branch; medulla, at least near the apices, generally a single layer surrounded by a single layer of markedly smaller cortical cells Dictyota.19.
Growth from multiple apical cells per branch; blades several cells thick without marked distinction between cortex and medulla Spatoglossum. Thallus irregularly-shaped mass without distinct axes, 21.20. Thallus with one or many axes, having some consistent pattern to the branches or blades 22.21. Thallus sac-like, often lobed, hollow when mature; margins not inrolled Colpomenia.21. Thallus initially hollow, soon becoming flattened with many holes; margins inrolled Hydroclathrus.22.
Thallus floats when detached from substratum, possessing some type of air bladder; reproductive organs within sunken conceptacles 23.22. Thallus sinks when detached from substratum, without air-bladders; reproductive organs on surface, not sunken in conceptacles; without leaflike or pyramidal branches 25.23. Main axes terete, with leaf-like, terete, or pyramidal branches 24.23. Main axes divided into leaf-like sections, each generally with a vesicle at the center Hormophysa.24. Blades leaf-like; air bladders bulbous and obvious Sargassum.24. Blades pyramid-shaped; air-bladders sunken within blades Turbinaria.25.
Tough, erect or matted thalli 26.25. Thallus lax, irregularly branched; branches hollow, occasionally collapsed and somewhat flattened Rosenvingea.26.
Erect thalli with cryptostomata Chnoospora.26. Creeping mat of narrow terete or compressed axes, cryptostomata absent Padina ( Vaughaniella stage).
New records and nomenclature changesThe new records are based largely on Lobban's observations since the revised checklist (Lobban & Tsuda 2003) was completed, together with records found by searching AlgaeBase. Also included below are additional records from list for Palau that were not included in the revised checklist.
Completed a monograph on Dictyota of Micronesia and printed a series of checklists for individual island groups within Micronesia (-, 2005). Records, arranged alphabetically in each phylum, are new for Micronesia unless Guam or Yap is specified. Some records are illustrated in Figures and, and additional photographs are posted on the genus pages on the biodiversity web site,.
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